#成見 #種族歧視 #恐同 #階級差距

2018年柏林雷寧廣場劇院首演的《暴力的歷史》，由歐斯特麥耶(Thomas OSTERMEIER)導演，改編自法國當紅作家艾杜瓦．路易(Édouard LOUIS)的自傳小說。

經由導演的安排，《暴力的歷史》以簡潔有力的審美出發。透過舞台正後方的巨型投影，四位主要演員簡潔俐落的表演，以及左下舞台唯一一名樂手在現場處理聲音，以打擊樂器製造出好似心跳或呼吸的節奏。那些資深戲迷不陌生的「歐斯特麥耶元素」：即時投影、麥克風；強而有力的視覺與聲音，不僅是將原作議題如實搬上舞台，更是打破劇場的第四道牆，鏗鏘有力的將原著議題響亮地拋向觀眾。

原著《暴力的歷史》回憶書寫作者自身多年前在巴黎約會被強暴的事件：

艾杜瓦(Édouard)在派對結束後、聖誕夜凌晨四點，走在巴黎街上時遇見了阿爾及利亞移民雷德(Reda)。艾杜瓦將他帶回單身公寓，兩人徹夜長聊與性愛，一切美好。

然而在艾杜瓦洗完澡、從浴室走出來後，他發現自己手機不見了，此時偷走手機的雷德惱羞成怒，掏出手槍威脅恐嚇，並試圖用圍巾勒死艾杜瓦，最後強暴他、離去。

事件過後的艾杜瓦到妹妹家，聽妹妹轉述給妹夫聽的版本，妹妹的成見使他想起原生家庭的種種；去醫院驗傷，感受到醫護人員對同性戀者與性病的成見；讀警察做的筆錄，在恐同與種族歧視的言語中，他感到事件彷彿成了另一則故事 ——

原著作者艾杜瓦．路易曾說：「我要成為一個書寫暴力的作家。你越去深入談論暴力，你越有可能去消除(undo)暴力。」暴力的歷史在這裡早已不是「被強暴的歷史」，而是所有敘述與再敘述層層疊疊。每一層敘述，都極有可能是一個二度加害的利器：問向讀者／觀眾：敘述一則被害者的故事本身，是否無可避免地，會讓敘述者成為一個加害者？

而導演歐斯特麥耶選擇以此議題創作，更是具體的呈現「藝術要參與社會、改變社會」之說。暴力的歷史——是否有人群的地方，這歷史就會無盡地書寫下去？將此議題拋出，期盼在紛擾的當今，我們能一同走進劇場找到答案。

#Stereotype #RacialDiscrimination #Homophobia #ClassGap

History of Violence premiered in 2018 at Schaubühne Berlin, directed by Thomas OSTERMEIER and based on the autobiographical novel by young French writer Édouard LOUIS.

The stage adaptation of History of Violence possesses minimalist aesthetics. Sharing the stage with the actors is a percussive musician whose performance operates like a heartbeat or breath. The "OSTERMEIER elements" which are familiar to seasoned theater fans, include the projection, the sound design, and the actors' precise (fourth-wall-breaking) performance vividly bring the source material to life in a theater space.

History of Violence, the novel, recalls the author's date rape in Paris: Édouard met Reda, an Algerian immigrant, while walking through the Parisian streets on Christmas Eve after a party. Édouard took him back to his apartment, and the two enjoyed a pleasant night of long talks and sex. However, when Édouard came out of the shower, he noticed that Reda had stolen from him. Reda flew into a rage, threatened Édouard at gunpoint, and tried to strangle him with a scarf. In the end, Reda raped him and left.

After the incident, Édouard took refuge at his sister's and overheard her recounting the incident to her husband. The prejudice embedded in her version reminded him of his unpleasant family. When he went to the hospital for an examination, he sensed the bias of the medical staff toward homosexuals and STDs. When he read the police report riddled with homophobic and racist remarks, he felt as if the incident had morphed into another story.

Édouard LOUIS noted: "I want to be a writer of violence. I think the more you talk about violence, the more you can undo [it]." The history of violence is no longer the simple chronology of events pertaining to the rape but the multiple layers of discourse that in and of themselves are probable acts of violence. The novel and adaptation pose a question: does recounting the victim's story, inevitably, make a perpetrator?

OSTERMEIER’s decision to create on such a topic concretely underlines that “art should participate in society and change society.” Will the history of violence continue endlessly as long as people gather? By bringing up this issue, hopefully in the current times of chaos, we can walk into the theater to find an answer.

演出暨製作人員名單

原著小說｜艾杜瓦．路易

導演｜托瑪斯．歐斯特麥耶

劇場版改編｜托瑪斯．歐斯特麥耶、弗洛里安．波希邁爾、艾杜瓦．路易

文本德文翻譯｜辛里希．施密特-漢克

副導演｜大衛．斯托爾

舞台及服裝設計｜妮娜．維策

作曲｜尼爾斯．歐斯登朵夫

影像設計｜塞巴斯蒂安．杜普伊

戲劇構作｜弗洛里安．波希邁爾

燈光設計｜米凱爾．維策

編舞協作｜約翰娜．蓮克

演員｜克里斯多夫．葛溫達、勞倫斯．勞芬貝克、雷納托．舒赫、阿莉娜．斯提格勒

樂手｜托瑪斯．維特

共製單位｜巴黎市立劇院、比利時法語文化區國家劇院、布魯克林聖安倉庫

創作支持｜LOTTO-Stiftung Berlin

特別感謝｜歌德學院（台北）德國文化中心、德國在台協會

Original Novel by Édouard LOUIS 

Director｜Thomas OSTERMEIER 

Adapted for the Stage by Thomas OSTERMEIER, Florian BORCHMEYER, Édouard LOUIS

German Translation｜Hinrich SCHMIDT-HENKEL

Associate Director｜David STÖHR

Set, & Costume Designer｜Nina WETZEL

Music｜Nils OSTENDORF

Video｜Sébastien DUPOUEY

Dramaturgy｜Florian BORCHMEYER

Lighting Designer｜Michael WETZEL 

Collaboration Choreography｜Johanna LEMKE 

Actors｜Christoph GAWENDA, Laurenz LAUFENBERG, Renato SCHUCH, Alina STIEGLER

Musician｜Thomas WITTE

Coproduction with Théâtre de la Ville Paris, Théâtre National Wallonie-Bruxelles and St. Ann’s Warehouse Brooklyn.

Supported by LOTTO-Stiftung Berlin.

Special Thanks to Goethe-Institut Taipei, Deutsches Institut Taipei

藝術家介紹

導演｜托瑪斯．歐斯特麥耶

當代最知名的歐洲劇場導演，經常受邀全球各大藝術節，如紐約下一波藝術節、亞維儂藝術節、香港藝術節、愛丁堡藝術節等，其執導的《玩偶之家—娜拉》與《哈姆雷特》分別於2006年與2010年在臺北國家戲劇院演出。歐斯特麥耶生於1968年，畢業於柏林恩斯特戲劇學院，1996年他接掌了柏林德意志劇院旁的小劇場「棚屋劇場」(Baracke)，從而一舉成名。1999年起，他擔任柏林雷寧廣場劇院藝術總監至今，並於2000年創辦國際新劇藝術節 (Festival International New Drama；簡稱：FIND)。1999年起，他擔任柏林雷寧廣場劇院藝術總監至今，近年重要的執導作品包括易卜生《人民公敵》(2012)、莎劇《理查三世》(2015)、改編艾杜瓦．路易的自傳小說《暴力的歷史》(2018)、維吉妮．德龐特《Vernon Subutex》第一部(2021)、契訶夫《海鷗》(2023)。歐斯特麥耶獲獎無數，作品入選柏林戲劇節 (Theatertreffen) 高達六次，並獲威尼斯雙年展終身成就金獅獎(2011)、英國肯特大學(2016)及瑞典哥德堡大學(2019)榮譽博士、德意志聯邦共和國功績勳章(2018)等。2009年，歐斯特麥耶獲法國文化部頒予藝術與文學軍官勳章，於2015年晉升為最高等「司令勳位」。

原著小說作者｜艾杜瓦．路易

本名艾迪．貝爾格勒 (Eddy　BELLEGUEULE)，1992年生於法國北部的工人家庭，自小因自身不同的性別氣質而長期遭受暴力凌虐。2011年艾迪考上法國最高學府巴黎高等師範學院，成為家族中第一位考上大學的人。2013年他改名為艾杜瓦．路易，2014年的自傳小說《與艾迪了結》是當年暢銷書，全球含臺灣有二十多國譯本。《暴力的歷史》剖析自身被強暴並差點被謀殺的一夜情經驗，2015年出版後再度成為話題。他的創作深受社會學家布迪厄影響，至今出版五本小說，內容圍繞在原生家庭、同性戀、階級與社會暴力等議題。  

2022年阿姆斯特市立劇院的 Brandhaarden 藝術節，以艾杜瓦．路易為藝術節主題，呈現了來自德國的托馬斯．歐斯特麥耶、荷蘭的伊沃．凡．霍夫 (Ivo van HOVE)、比利時的米洛．勞 (Milo RAU) 與挪威的凱爾斯蒂．霍恩 (Kjersti　HORN) 等知名導演改編其小說的劇場演出，確認艾杜瓦．路易已是當代歐洲的文化現象。

柏林雷寧廣場劇院

柏林雷寧廣場劇院於1962年創立，自1999年起由藝術總監托瑪斯・歐斯特麥耶執掌。他就任後，創設以駐館演員組成的劇團，成員基本上自創立起便一同合作至今，持續延聘，鞏固了他上任的基礎。柏林雷寧廣場劇院每季最少首演10場表演，現存劇目超過30個製作。

柏林雷寧廣場劇院以「集體創作劇場」的概念出發，以演員、戲劇的角色與情境為注目焦點。其中一項顯著特色是導演手法的多樣風格。統合多樣風格的一個元素，乃是對一種當代、富實驗性的劇場語言的追尋，講究述說故事，以及對古典與現代文本的精確掌握。柏林雷寧廣場劇院的劇目涵括世界文學裡的偉大劇作，以及國際知名作家的當代戲劇。

自2000年起的每個春季，劇院的國際新劇藝術節 (FIND) 為國際知名的劇場人提供將作品於柏林雷寧廣場劇院上演的機會。

Director｜ Thomas OSTERMEIER

One of the most well-known European theater directors of our time. A regular invitee of renowned festivals worldwide, such as Next Wave Festival in New York, Festival d'Avignon, Hong Kong Arts Festival, and Edinburgh Art Festival. His productions of Nora and Hamlet were presented at the National Theater in Taipei in 2006 and 2010, respectively. Born in 1968, OSTERMEIER graduated from the Ernst Busch Academy of Dramatic Arts Berlin. In 1996, he took over the Baracke at the Deutsches Theater, Berlin, as Artistic Director, which propelled him to fame. Since 1999 he has been Artistic Director at Schaubühne and founded the Festival International New Drama (FIND) in 2000. His recent acclaimed works include IBSEN's An Enemy of the People (2012), SHAKESPEARE's Richard III (2015), History of Violence (2018, adapted from Édouard LOUIS' autobiographical novel), Vernon Subutex 1 by Virginie DESPENTES (2021), and The Seagull by Anton CHEKHOV (2023). Six of his works have been invited to the Theatertreffen Berlin. He has received numerous awards, including the Venice Biennale Golden Lion for Lifetime Achievement (2011), an honorary doctorate from the University of Kent (2016) and Gothenburg (2019), and the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany (2018). In 2009 Thomas OSTERMEIER was appointed “Officier des Arts et des Lettres” by the Ministry of Culture of France, and promoted to the degree of “Commandeur” in 2015.

Original Novel｜Édouard LOUIS

Édouard LOUIS (born Eddy BELLEGUEULE) was born in 1992 into a working-class family in northern France. His childhood was fraught with bullying and abuse due to his sexual orientation. In 2011, he was admitted to L'École normale supérieure in Paris, the most prestigious university in France, becoming the first ever in his family to attend a university. By 2013, he had changed his name to Édouard LOUIS. His autobiographical novel The End of Eddy, published in 2014, was one of the best-selling books of the year translated into over 20 languages. His History of Violence, which analyzes his experience of being raped and almost murdered during a one-night stand, also became a hit after its 2015 publication. His works are deeply influenced by French sociologist Pierre BOURDIEU with 5 novels focused on issues concerning family of origin, homosexuality, social class, and societal violence.

The 2022 Brandhaarden Festival at International Theater Amsterdam showcased theater productions based on LOUIS’ novels helmed by renowned directors Thomas OSTERMEIER from Germany, Ivo van HOVE from the Netherlands, Milo RAU from Belgium, and Kjersti HORN from Norway. The event ensured LOUIS’ status as a cultural phenomenon in Europe.

Schaubühne Berlin (Schaubühne am Lehniner Platz)

The Schaubühne was founded in 1962. Since 1999 it has been led by artistic director Thomas OSTERMEIER. The foundation of his tenure was laid in the formation of a new ensemble of permanently employed actors, who essentially have been working together ever since, regularly extended by new appointments. The Schaubühne premieres a minimum of ten shows per season alongside a repertoire of over 30 existing productions.

Starting from the concept of an ensemble theater, the actors, dramatic characters and situations of a play take center stage at the Schaubühne. One of the theater's distinctive features is a stylistic variety in approaches to directing. The search for a contemporary and experimental theater language which focuses upon storytelling and a precise understanding of texts - both classical and contemporary - is a unifying element. The repertoire encompasses the great dramatic works of world literature alongside contemporary plays from internationally renowned writers.

Every spring since 2000 the Festival of International New Drama (FIND) has given internationally renowned theater makers the opportunity to show their work at the Schaubühne.

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